Development of a High-Throughput Low-Cost Approach for Fabricating Fully Drawn Paper-Based Analytical Devices Using Commercial Writing Tools

This work reports the development and optimization of a rapid low-cost pen-on-paper plotting approach for fabrication paper-based analytical devices (PADs) using commercial writing stationery. The desired fluidic patterns were drawn on paper substrate with marker pens an inexpensive computer-controlled x–y plotter. For electrochemical PADs, electrodes further deposited second step pencils. effect parameters (type paper, type pen, pencil, speed, number passes, single- vs. double-sided plotting), chemical resistance plotted to different solvents structural rigidity multiple loading cycles assessed. utility these is demonstrated through application in optical sensing total phenols reflectance calorimetry paracetamol ascorbic acid. proposed manufacturing simple, low cost, flexible, fit-for-purpose enables sub-“one-dollar” PADs satisfactory mechanical good performance.